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為何女性出現睡眠困擾的機會高於男性?

  • 2022年3月15日
  • 讀畢需時 3 分鐘

已更新:2022年6月24日



女性一生當中會經歷女兒、女朋友、太太、媽媽、奶奶等角色,在成長過程中,還會經歷生理期、懷孕、更年期等明顯生理變化的過程。研究發現這些過程與女人一生中的睡眠問題風險有很大的關聯。在這篇文章中,好夢心理治療所的吳家碩臨床心理師為大家整理了一些與女性有關的研究、睡眠現況與原因分析,一起來增進這些實用的睡眠知識!

以最常見的失眠為例,Zhang與Wing在2006年,針對世界各國樣本統計分析後指出:

  1. 女性失眠的風險是男性的1.41倍

  2. 不管在什麼年紀,女性失眠的風險都高於男性

  3. 女性失眠狀況在年長成人更為明顯


針對台灣國人方面,過去幾年台灣睡眠醫學會所進行的調查結果也顯示,台灣女性失眠的比例亦較男性來得高。而在其他睡眠困擾,如不寧腿症候群(restless leg syndrome,也就是在睡前,腿部會有明顯不舒服,像是有螞蟻在爬,需不時動一動緩解不適的一種睡眠障礙)的盛行率,女性也是明顯較男性高。



此外,另兩位學者Krishnan與Collop(2006)指出,此現象可能源自於生理期、懷孕、更年期的生理變化。


生理期

每次經歷生理期的女性,都會經驗到明顯的荷爾蒙(性腺激素、垂體激素、褪黑激素、皮質素)以及體溫控制的變化。研究指出,相較於濾泡期,女性在黃體期時,會有較多的睡眠困擾(如較長的入睡時間、睡眠效率較低以及主觀睡眠品質較低)。


生理期會影響睡眠的現象,一項在2006年台灣睡眠醫學學會的睡眠問題盛行率之調查也指出相同結果,20.2%的女性提及月經會影響睡眠。


懷孕

懷孕時的身體變化——腹脹、胎動、膀胱膨脹、頻尿、背痛、胃灼熱(俗稱火燒心的感覺)等,都會降低女性的睡眠效率與增加夜醒的次數,失眠與白天嗜睡也是此階段女性的普遍抱怨。甚至到了產後三個月,女性的睡眠效率仍舊比較差。另外,荷爾蒙(雌激素與黃體孕激素)的改變,也會使得懷孕時的打鼾現象變得明顯,增加睡眠呼吸中止症狀的風險。再者,懷孕時期鐵質與葉酸的缺乏,也會增加不寧腿症候群發生的可能性。


在2006年台灣睡眠醫學學會的調查也指出,在30-39歲的年齡層中結婚有小孩的女性有33.6%的受訪者表示懷孕的時候,曾發生睡眠的問題。


更年期

更年期前荷爾蒙的波動,包含:雌二醇、抑制素與睪固酮的循環降低,以及濾泡刺激素與促黃體激素的增加。造成女性在生理、心理上的改變,常見的狀況如:熱潮紅、憂鬱情緒、焦慮情緒等,都會提高失眠的可能性。


在2006年台灣睡眠醫學學會的調查也指出,在有更年期症候群的婦女中,有高達51.1%的比例覺得睡眠是受到影響。




參考文獻:

Zhang, B., & Wing, Y. (2006). Sex differences in insomnia: a meta-analysis. Sleep, 29(1), 85-93.

Krishnan, V., & Collop, N. A. (2006). Gender differences in sleep disorders. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 12(6), 383-389.





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